MedLecturesMadeEasy's video: Progressive Neurodegenerative Disorders

This is a brief video on six neurodegenerative disorders, or diseases that cause progressive impairment of intellectual function affecting multiple cognitive domains. I created this presentation with Google Slides. Image were created or taken from Wikimedia Commons I created this video with the YouTube Video Editor. ADDITIONAL TAGS: Progressive neurocognitive disorders Progressive impairment of intellectual function affecting multiple cognitive domains Alzheimer’s disease Lewy body dementia Pick’s disease Vascular dementia Alcoholic dementia Creutzfeldt- Jakob Disease Degenerative Nondegenerative (requires insult) Alzheimer’s disease Most common cause of dementia Mostly sporadic, some familial variants Symmetric atrophy of frontal, temporal, parietal lobe; occipital spared Hydrocephalus ex vacuo Extracellular plaques called neuritic plaques (aka senile plaques) made of beta-amyloid Central amyloid surrounded by dystrophic neuritic processes Intracellular plaques called neurofibrillary tangles made of tau protein Polymerized hyperphosphorylated tau protein Sticks in a neuron Lewy body dementia (aka DLB) Second most common cause of dementia Symptoms: cognitive impairment, parkinsonism, visual hallucinations, sleep disorders Lewy body accumulation in neocortex, limbic system, and brainstem Made of synuclein Parkinson’s disease has Lewy bodies in substantia nigra Alzheimer’s disease Lewy body dementia Pick’s disease Vascular dementia Alcoholic dementia Creutzfeldt- Jakob Disease By Dr. Andreas Becker upload here Penarc - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5841292 By Suraj Rajan - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19412030 Frontotemporal dementia (aka Pick’s disease) Asymmetric atrophy of frontal and temporal lobes; spares parietal protein More prominent personality changes, including apathy, disinhibition, loss of emotional control Earlier onset and faster progression than AD Intracellular spherical inclusions called Pick bodies made of tau protein Ballooned neurons, dissolution of chromatin Alzheimer’s disease Lewy body dementia Pick’s disease Vascular dementia Alcoholic dementia Creutzfeldt- Jakob Disease By Mikhail Kalinin - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7260938 Vascular dementia Caused by cerebrovascular disease (multiple ischemic lesions) In hippocampus and other areas involved with memory Stepwise decline in cognitive function (worse with each infarct) Radiology: absence of infarcts rules out vascular dementia, but presence of them doesn’t confirm it Treatment: reduce risk factors (hypertension, hyperlipidemia), anticoagulants Alzheimer’s disease Lewy body dementia Pick’s disease Vascular dementia Alcoholic dementia Creutzfeldt- Jakob Disease By Blausen Medical Communications, Inc. - Donated via OTRS, see ticket for details, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=26986798 Alcoholic dementia Alcoholics have higher risk of dementia and brain atrophy Not sure if alcohol toxicity directly causes dementia or increases risk of other causes Lesions include Trauma, including chronic subdural hematomas (high risk of falls) Vascular disease (comorbid with smoking and htn in alcoholics) Alzheimer’s (increased accumulation of Alzheimer’s proteins in alcoholics) Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome → thiamine deficiency causing bilateral hemorrhage/necrosis of mammillary bodies and other regions Triad: confusion, ophthalmoplegia, gait ataxia Anterograde, retrograde amnesia; confabulation Treat with thiamine Alzheimer’s disease Lewy body dementia Pick’s disease Vascular dementia Alcoholic dementia Creutzfeldt- Jakob Disease Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) Most common human prion disease Caused by infectious particles made of protein Gross: prominent cortical atrophy Histo: spongiform changes with amyloid plaques and atrophic neurons sCJD - sporadic; dementia, myoclonus, ataxia fCJD - familial; autosomal dominant vCJD - variant; mad cow disease (meat products) iCJD - iatrogenic; exposure to contaminated cadavers, dural grafts, corneal transplants, surgical instruments Alzheimer’s disease Lewy body dementia Pick’s disease Vascular dementia Alcoholic dementia Creutzfeldt- Jakob Disease By DRdoubleB - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10003861