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आधुनिक गोबर गॅस #गोबरगॅस Biogas From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Pipes carrying biogas (foreground) and condensate Part of a series aboutSustainable energyOverview Sustainable energy Carbon-neutral fuel Fossil fuel phase-out Energy conservation Cogeneration Efficient energy use Energy storage Green building Heat pump Low-carbon power Microgeneration Passive solar building design Renewable energy Biofuel Geothermal Hydroelectricity Solar Tidal Wave Wind Sustainable transport Electric vehicle Green vehicle Plug-in hybrid  Renewable energy portal  Environment portal v t e Biogas is the mixture of gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen (anaerobically), primarily consisting of methane and carbon dioxide. Biogas can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste or food waste. Biogas is a renewable energy source. In India, it is also known as "Gobar Gas". Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion with methanogen or anaerobic organisms, which digest material inside a closed system, or fermentation of biodegradable materials.[1] This closed system is called an anaerobic digester, biodigester or a bioreactor.[2] Biogas is primarily methane (CH 4) and carbon dioxide (CO 2) and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulfide (H 2S), moisture and siloxanes. The gases methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide (CO) can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen. This energy release allows biogas to be used as a fuel; it can be used for any heating purpose, such as cooking. It can also be used in a gas engine to convert the energy in the gas into electricity and heat.[3] Biogas can be compressed after removal of Carbon dioxide, the same way as natural gas is compressed to CNG, and used to power motor vehicles. In the United Kingdom, for example, biogas is estimated to have the potential to replace around 17% of vehicle fuel.[4] It qualifies for renewable energy subsidies in some parts of the world. Biogas can be cleaned and upgraded to natural gas standards, when it becomes bio-methane. Biogas is considered to be a renewable resource because its production-and-use cycle is continuous, and it generates no net carbon dioxide. As the organic material grows, it is converted and used. It then regrows in a continually repeating cycle. From a carbon perspective, as much carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere in the growth of the primary bio-resource as is released, when the material is ultimately converted to energy. Contents 1Production 1.1Natural 1.2Industrial 1.2.1Biogas plants 1.2.2Key processes 1.2.3Dangers 2Landfill gas 2.1Technical 3Composition 3.1Contaminants 3.1.1Sulfur compounds 3.1.2Ammonia 3.1.3Siloxanes 4Benefits of manure derived biogas 5Applications 5.1Biogas upgrading 5.2Biogas gas-grid injection 5.3Biogas in transport 5.4Biogas generated heat/electricity 6Technological advancements 7Legislation 7.1European Union 7.2United States 8Global developments 8.1United States 8.2Europe 8.3UK 8.4Italy 8.5Germany 8.6Indian subcontinent 8.7China 8.8In developing nations 9Associations 10Society and culture 11See also 12References 13Further reading 14External links Production[edit] Biogas is produced by microorganisms, such as methanogens and sulfate-reducing bacteria, performing anaerobic respiration. Biogas can refer to gas produced naturally or industrially. Natural See also: Marsh gas In soil, methane is produced in anaerobic zones environments by methanogens, but is mostly consumed in aerobic zones by methanotrophs. Methane emissions result when the balance favors methanogens. Wetland soils are the main natural source of methane. Other sources include oceans, forest soils, termites, and wild ruminants. Industrial Main article: Anaerobic digestion The purpose of industrial biogas production is the collection of biomethane, usually for fuel. Industrial biogas is produced either; As landfill gas (LFG), which is produced by the breakdown of biodegradable waste inside a landfill due to chemical reactions and microbes, or As digested gas, produced inside an anaerobic digester. Biogas production in rural Germany Biogas plants A biogas plant is the name often given to an anaerobic digester that treats farm wastes or energy crops. It can be produced using anaerobic digesters (air-tight tanks with different configurations). These plants can be fed with energy crops such as maize silage or biodegradable wastes including sewage sludge and food waste. During the process, the micro-organisms transform biomass waste into biogas (mainly methane and carbon dioxide) and digestate. Higher quantities of biogas can be produced when the wastewater is co-