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Itni garmi Kyu Pad Rahi Hain? | The El-Nino Effect El Niño, a term meaning 'little boy' or 'Christ child' in Spanish, was named by South American fishermen in the early 17th century. They observed that the phenomenon, characterized by warm waters in the Pacific Ocean, typically occurred in December. El Niño describes a significant ocean-atmosphere climate interaction, marked by periodic warming of sea surface temperatures across the central and east-central Equatorial Pacific. This warming is associated with high atmospheric pressure in the western Pacific and has notable effects on weather patterns globally, including adverse impacts on the Indian monsoons and agriculture. In a typical monsoon year without El Niño, the pressure distribution is as follows: The coast of Peru in South America experiences higher pressure compared to the region near northern Australia and Southeast Asia. The Indian Ocean is warmer than the surrounding oceans, resulting in relatively lower pressure. Consequently, moisture-laden winds move from the western Pacific towards the Indian Ocean. The landmass of India has lower pressure compared to the Indian Ocean, causing these moisture-laden winds to move from the ocean onto the land. When this normal pressure distribution is disrupted, monsoon patterns are affected. During an El Niño event: The normally cool surface waters off the Peruvian coast become warm. This warming causes the usual trade winds to weaken or reverse direction. As a result, the flow of moisture-laden winds shifts towards the coast of Peru from the western Pacific, including the region near northern Australia and Southeast Asia. This shift leads to heavy rainfall in Peru during El Niño years, depriving the Indian subcontinent of its typical monsoon rains. The greater the temperature and pressure difference, the more severe the rainfall deficit in India.